【分享】英文寫作文章體例與範文（十一篇） 描寫文Description

【分享】英文寫作文章體例與範文（十一篇）
描寫文Description
　　描寫文常與敘述文連用，而稱之為描述文(Description and Narration)。人門總是對自己周邊的人物或環境感到興趣，特別是對人物的興趣尤超過對事物。當我們敘述人物或事物時，必將我們視察所得來的細節說出來，這種說出來的方法不是敘述便是描繪。人們喜歡加以述說，這種述說的方式在寫作上就靠作者運用文字，藉文字來描寫人物或事物便稱之為描述文。而描述的內容在日常生活中俯拾皆比的是，例如說，陽光的強弱，水的冷暖，東西摸在手裏的感覺，飛機飛過頭頂時的尖銳聲音所舍人難受的感覺或印象，都是日常生活的經 驗中所可以得到的描述題材。
　　當我們描述一個人物時，我們會將他的高度，體態，臉型，膚發的顏色，嘴角的表情，甚至他的眼神等等都要詳加述說，並且要正確。不但要詳細要正確，有時為了趣味或為了加強讀者的印象，還要儘量的渲染一番。總之，細節的描述不管是對人物或事物都一樣，愈詳盡愈能給予讀者深刻的印象；對地方的描寫，有時不是要描寫其美麗風景，而是在記述這個地方的特徵。這地方可能又窄又臟又亂，人們穿梭其間有若螻蟻，或謂此地貧瘠，述說其乾旱慘狀，或謂此地曾為王公貴族的樓臺閣榭，如今時過境遷，荒蕪無以名狀，並托以感傷詞句，以給讀者極深刻之印象。這樣一來，詳細資料之蒐集是很重要的。但短文又不容許有太多的呆板資料，否則，就會使讀者讀起來乏味。
　　人物的素描可分為兩個大綱進行，一為外貌，一為個性。當然，一般情形是什麼長相就會有什麼個性，例如說，三角頭的人在性格上多詭詐，圓顱方頂的人多不太靈活，方臉大耳的人多為大智若愚狀，但非機智者。性情外向的與性情內向的，或說好動的與好靜的，並非有截然不同的外貌，還需要提供詳細的資料加以襯托，方可說明其個性。個性之描述大概可從四方面加以述說：二家庭背景；二學校背景；三社會背景；(四)時代背景。當然這樣就涉及到說明文了，然而短的描述文在這一方面就不可過於詳細。
　　一般說來，描寫是用文字畫一幅圖畫。它的對象有時是感官的印象--視覺上的、嗅覺上的、觸覺上的，或味覺上的；有時候是情感和感覺--喜、怒、哀、樂。描寫的內容不外乎人物(persons)，地方(places)，及事物(things)。
　　描寫可以分成兩種：一種叫客觀描寫(objective description)，一種叫主觀描寫(subjective description)。
　　客觀描寫有時又稱physical description或scientific description它是將對象的外型冷靜、客觀地記錄下來，要求準確、清楚，不含任何情感成份或主觀成份在內。
　　主觀描寫又稱imaginative description或impressionistic description。它和主觀描寫不同，並不太注意外在細節的準確，而要求表達一種氣氛，一種情緒。因此它是主觀的、抽象的。
　　這兩種描寫，一種客觀的一種主觀的，並不是截然分開的，它們也不互相排斥，反而往往是相輔相成的。主觀的描寫必須以客觀的細節做基礎、客觀的描寫裏，細節的選擇本身也必然會表達某種態度和信念。
描寫應注意下列三點：
　　(1)主要印象(Dominant impression)應加強說明或描繪。
　　(2)具體的細節(Concrete details)要寫得生動明快。
　　(3)合理髮展(Logical development)是指觀點(Point of View)與描寫程式的合理性而言。
　　合理髮展裏最重要的還是觀點問題，因為它決定整篇描寫的順序。觀點分兩種：一個是[外在的觀點] (physical point of view)，一個是『內在的觀點』 (mental point of view)。
　　『外在的觀點』也就是作者所站的地方；例如描寫一間屋子，作者是站在進門口處呢?還是站在房間中央?他是面朝東邊還是西邊? 者所站的位置和他的描寫順序，遠近距離等都有直接的關係。
　　[內在的觀點]比較微妙，是指作者的心情、態度及眼光。例如一片廣場、一個偶而路過的人和一個初次回家鄉的遊子描寫起來就完全不同；一個十歲的小孩和一個成熟的中年人描寫起來也會完全不一樣。
　　作者一旦選定了他的觀點，不管是外在的和內在的，以後就不能隨便無緣無故的加以更改；需要變動時，也得先向讀者交代清楚，以避免混亂。
　　除了觀點以外，作者還必須考慮細節大致的順序；一般說來，這個順序有三種：(a)從遠到近，或近到遠；(b)從上到下，或下到上；(c)從左到右，或右到左。
　　順序決定以後必須保持一貫，不要隨便變更，除非是有特殊的理由，或為達到某種效果。

<範文> My Schoolhouse

　　My first glimpse(1) of the White Star School in its weed-grown(2) and treeless yard facing north On the south side of a shallow basin is an indelible(3) memory. The building was alone on the prairie(4), a little gray, white-trimmed(5) peaked-roof(6) schoolhouse with two windows on the east and two on the west, fronted by an enclosed entry(7) with a shed roof(8).A white star was painted on the gable(9) of the building; a short flagpole(10) was fastened above that to the ridgepole(11). Back of this were two other buildings, an open shed for children to tie their horses in if they rode to school, and the coal house with the boys' toilet on one end and the girls' on the other. In the yard was the pump(12).

　　The inside of the schoolhouse was calcimined(13) a pale blue with a whitish ceiling. The floor was a worn gray. Desks and seats were scattered(14) about, the kind that are usually screwed(15) to the floor, with iron grill(16) work on the sides and legs. There was a small teacher's desk, an old round coal stove in the middle of the floor with a pipe going up then back to the chimney(17) at the south end, a water cooler on a stand, a large wooden cupboard where books and supplies(18) were kept, a glove hanging from one corner of the ceiling on a pulley, a map case. There was a blackboard across the front of the room, a kerosene(19) lamp in a bracket(20) on the wall, no blinds(21) at the windows, a picture of Lincoln and another of Washington on the back wall. A dusty American flag was fastened above the blackboard. There was also the flagpole outside, a prow(22) on the front gable. There was a windup phonograph(23) with six records, an organ(24) rendition(25) of "Always", the "William Tell Overture", a record to teach the identification(26) of various instruments(27), and three lesser numbers. The school smelled of stale(28), locked-in(29) air, as distinctive(30) an oder(31) as that of a beer parlor(32).

　　The school and its yard were haunted(33) with echoes(34) from a quarter century's children, their pulses(35) and shapeless(36) dreams. It was worn, tragic(37), a country school on the first day following a summer's glad forgetfulness by its young. It had been patient and deserted then but for rare derisive(38) forays(39) made by passing youngsters all through the heat of June, July and August. The building stood there. It did not sit. It stood as the wooden weapon against ignorance(40) and defeat(41), the house of community hope and of the future. It stood alone on the high upland prairie, braving cold and heat, a land ship on a motionless voyage of discovery into human possibility. It was wholly inspiring(42). Only in separated views was it de-pressing(43). At nineteen, scared(44) as I was, I felt how, above all, upright(45) it was. I was at last a teacher housed in my own school.

語匯說明

本文為華格納(Vern Wagner)所作，就描述地方而言是此類文章最佳範例之一。第一段寫外觀，第二段寫內部情形，第三段寫感想。

(1)glimpse： 一瞥　　　　　　(24)organ：風琴
(2)weed-grown: 雜草叢生　　　(25)rendition：此處為奏鳴曲
(3)indelible： 難忘的　　　　(26)identification：辨認
(4)prairie： 大草原　　　　　(27)instruments：樂器
(5)white-trimmed： 有白邊的　(28)stale：空氣不新鮮
(6)peaked-roof： 尖頂(屋)　　(29)Lcked-in：封閉的
(7)entry： 入口　　　　　　　(30)distinctive：特別刺鼻的
(8)shed roof： 棚蓋　　　　　(31)oder：氣味
(9)gable： 三角形墻面　　　　(32)beer parlor：啤酒吧
(10)flagpole:旗竿　　　　　　(33)haunted：常至；常訪；常有
(11)ridgepole: 邊椽木　　　　(34)echoes：回聲；迴響
(12)pump:水幫浦　　　　　　　(35)pulses：脈搏
(13)calcimine: 粉刷　　　　　(36)shapeless：無形的
(14)scatter: 散置　　　　　　(37)tragic：悲劇的
(15)screwed: 用螺絲釘釘住　　(38)derisive：可笑的
(16)grill: 架子　　　　　　　(39)forays：蹂躪
(17)chimney: 煙囪　　　　　　(40)ignorance：無知
(18)supplies:日常用品　　　　(41)defeat：敗北
(19)kerosene:煤氣燈　　　　　(42)inspiring：有啟導性的
(20)bracket: 托架　　　　　　(43)depressing：不景氣的：頹喪的
(21)blinds:窗簾　　　　　　　(44)scared：驚異
(22)prow:船首形狀物　　　　　(45)upright：正直
(23)phonograph：唱機
也許我不是上帝的幸運兒，但我一定是生活的寵兒 天堂寵兒 http://www.blogcn.com/u/34/84/foranewindbell/index.html

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2006-08-20 21:22 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 2#
[s:23] 說明文Exposition
　　這一類文章的性質和目的是在解釋，提供知識，和表明觀念；“exposition”這個字的意思就是“explanation”(解釋)，既然如此，這類文章最大的要求是清晰；作者可以使用任何方法和技巧，以期能達到清晰明確的境地。　
　
　　依一般分類，說明文有下列六種：
　　(1)定義法(Definition)
　　(2)例說法(Example)
　　(3)分類法(Classification)
　　(4)分析法(Analysis)
　　(5)類比法(Analogy)
　　(6)比較法或對比法(Comparison Or Contrast)
　　[注]說明文中亦可穿插以描寫文與敘述文的寫作方法。

　　說明文是寫作最常用到的體裁，其最常用的方法就是將事物加以解說。例如，說明事物的過程，說明事物的因果，說明事物的狀態等等。對人物來說，說明該人物的處境，說明該人物的想法，說明該人物的背景等等。如果要將描述文與說明文作一嚴格區分的話，那就是描述文重官能的觀察與感受，而說明文重頭腦的分析與理性的研判。對事物的體驗是一同事，而對事物的徹底了解又是另一同事。體驗是官能的，而了解卻是觀念上的問題。聞到花是香的，乃是官能上的，而花為什麼是香的，卻是知識性的觀念上的問題。前者是描述文的範圍，後者則是說明文的範圍。

　　知識性的東西我們可從百科全書，字典辭源，各科手冊，以及語言的文法修辭等書籍來獲得。但這些僅是資料而已，要將資料變成一篇文章還需要文字的組織能力。我們可以這樣說，說明文是一種實用的寫作方法，將人類的知識系統化，這可以說是一種其功至偉的寫作方法。

　　說明文最簡單的方法就是例證法：將詳細資料表列，一一舉證，以說明什麼是什麼，怎樣發生，結果怎樣。另外兩種較複雜的說明文是分析法與定義法：其方法必用到歸類法與等級法。例如，要說明一件機器的操作，就必須把這件機器加以歸類，引述其功能目的。又如，要了解一條鯨魚，首先要將其歸為哺乳類，因為它是胎生動物而非卵生魚類。而後再進而分析鯨魚中許多不同的類別。定義法以研究其事物的必然性為主，不涉及其他。

　　說明文中當有比較法與對照法，必須用此類方法的原因，乃是有些抽象事物無法具體歸類，於是只好用類例來此較對照之；即以類例說出與其相關的概念，使讀者容易接受其概念。

<範文> Dreams

　　Men have always been interested in their dreams. In superstitious (2) ages and countries, dreams were regarded very seriously. Every dream was supposed to have a meaning, and it was the business of priests and astrologers(3) to interpret people's dreams for them. They were generally looked upon as predictions of the future warnings of coming dangers or sorrows, or prophecies of coming good fortune. Dreams were believed to be supernatural communications from the gods, or the spirits of the dead, and so were divine revelations.

　　Educated people no longer look on dreams in this way. Some laugh at them as mere illusions, and not worthy of any serious consideration; but others find them interesting for psychological(4) study. For one thing, dreams prove that in the sleep we are not completely unconscious. Part of our brain is awake and working. We are unconscious of our immediate surroundings in sleep. We see nothing, we hear no-thing, and know nothing of what is going on around ns. Yet the fact that we dream proves we are not completely unconscious.

　　It is often interesting to try to discover the cause of dreams. The causes of some dreams are purely physical. A heavy supper which causes indigestion, will give us nightmare, particularly horrible and terrifying kind of dream. Some one knocking at our door may make us dream we are on the battlefield and deafened with the thunder of guns. One man dreamt he was walking near the crater of a volcano and his feet were burnt with the hot rocks; but when he woke up, he found his feet were pressed upon his hot-water bottle!

　　Most dreams are really confused and disjointed memories of past events in our lives. We can often trace a dream back, and find it was suggested by something we saw or heard or read about only a day or two before. For example, a lawyer, who had been thinking over a case late at night, dreamt when he went to bed of nothing but lizards. When he came to his study in the morning, he found that, while he was thinking out his case, he had been staring unconsciously at his clock, the case of which was decorated with (5) the bronze image of a lizard.

　　Dreams refer to the past, not the future. And they are not supernatural, but only the confused workings of our own imaginations.

語匯說明

(1)Dreams(夢)：這篇說夢的文章是從四個方面來加以述說：(A)夢曾被認為是預卜未來的超自然表現； (B)夢證明我們睡著了的時候並非全然沒有知覺； (C)有些夢是因生理上的原因而引起的； (D)大部份的夢是過去事件的雜亂記憶。
(2)superstitious：迷信的
(3)astrologers：占星家；星象家
(4)Psychological：心理上的；心理學上的
(5)be decorated with：飾以…；裝飾著...
也許我不是上帝的幸運兒，但我一定是生活的寵兒 天堂寵兒 http://www.blogcn.com/u/34/84/foranewindbell/index.html

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2006-08-20 21:29 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 3#
[s:26] 說明文比較法與對比法
　　比較法是指出兩件事物的相同點；對比法是指出不同點。這兩種方法也是非常普通的說明方式，在日常生活中常常用得到。通常說到比較時，也包括對比的意思在內。

　　有一點必須特別注意的，就是比較的對象，不管是兩個、三個、或者更多，應該是屬於同一種類的(屬於不同種類事物的比較叫做[類比])。例如，橘子必須和其他水果相比，玫瑰和其他花卉相比，一幢房子和其他建築物相比。

<範文> Freemen and Those Who Are Not Free

　　You will, therefore, not listen to those who tell you that these matters are above you, and ought to be left entirely to those into whose hands the King has put(1) them. The public interest(2) is more your business than theirs; and it is from　want of spirit, and not from want of ability, that you can become wholly unfit(3) to argue or to judge upon it. For in this very thing lies the difference between freemen and those that are not free. In a free country every man thinks he has a concern in all public matters; that he has a right to form(4) and a right to deliver(5) an opinion upon them. They sift(6) examine, and discuss them. They are curious, eager, attentive(7), and jealous; and by making such matters the daily subject of their thoughts and discoveries, vast numbers contract(8) a very tolerable(9) knowledge of them, and some a very considerable(10) one.And this it is that fills free countries with men of ability(11) in all stations(12). Whereas(l3) in other countries none but men whose office(14) calls them to it having much care or thought about public affairs, and not daring to try the force of their opinions with one another, ability of this sort is extremely rare in any station of life. In free countries, there is often found more real public wisdom and sagacity(15) in shops and manufactories(16) than in the cabinets(17) of princes in countries where one dares not to have an opinion until he comes into them.Your whole importance, therefore, depends upon a constant, discreet(18) use of your own reason(19); otherwise you and your country sink to nothing(20). If upon any particular occasion You should be roused, you will not know what to do. Your fire will be a fire in straw(21), fitting to waste and consume yourselves than to warm or enliven anything else. You will be only a giddy(22) mob(23) upon whom no sort of reliance(24) is to be had. You may disturb your country, but you never can reform(25) your government(26).

語匯說明

本文是英國名政論家愛德門•布克(Edmund Burke)所作，以對比法(Contrast)來寫生活在自由中的人與生活在不自由中的人有何區別，也即是寫自由與不自由的區別。第一段否定述說，第二段肯定述說，第三段正反兩面作利害的對比。
(1)put one into one's hands；把(事)託付給(人)
(2)public interest；public matters；public affairs：公共事務
(3)unfit：不適於
(4)form：形成；產生
(5)deliver：此處作[表達]講
(6)sift：詳查
(7)attentive：非常注意的
(8)contract：此處作『獲得』講
(9)tolerable：相當(小量)的
(10)considerable：相當(大量)的
(11)of ability：有能力的
(12)in all stations：在各崗位上；在各階層上
(13)whereas：相反的
(14)office：此處指官方
(15)sagacity：機智。
(16)manufactories：工廠
(17)cabinets：內閣(此處指宮帷政治或政治的內閣小團體)
(18)discreet：謹慎小心的
(19)reason：分析；理性；理由
(20)sink to nothing：一切落空；失敗
(21)a fire in straw：微弱的火把
(22)giddy：昏的；暈的
(23)mob：烏合之眾
(24)reliance：信賴
(25)reform：改造：改革；改善
(26)government：政府

也許我不是上帝的幸運兒，但我一定是生活的寵兒 天堂寵兒 http://www.blogcn.com/u/34/84/foranewindbell/index.html

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2006-08-20 21:34 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 4#
[s:24]
說明文定義法
　　定義分兩種：一種是所謂簡單的定義(simple definition) ，也就是一般字典裏所用的，以一個同義詞(synonym)或簡單的詞句來解釋某一個字的意思。以一句話來解釋的方法往往牽涉兩個步驟：分類(classification)與區別(differentiation) 。

　　另一種定義是詳細的定義(extended definition) ，通常用來說明抽象的觀念。這種定義和簡單定義不同，沒有任何固定的格式或步驟，完全由作者自由發揮。在這種情況下，作者可以利用說明文的任何方法或技巧，如舉例、分類、比較、分析等等來幫助達到目的。詳細定義可以是一個段落，一整篇文章，甚至於一整本書。

<範文> The Spirit of Liberty

　　We have gathered here to affirm (1) a faith (2), a faith in a common (3) purpose, a common conviction (4), a common devotion (5). Some of us have chosen America as the land of our adoption(6); the rest have come from those who did the same. For this reason we have some right to consider our-selves a picked group, a group of those who had the courage to break from the past and brave the dangers and the loneliness of a strange land.

　　What was the object that nerved(7) us, or those who went before us, to this choice? We sought liberty(8); freedom(9) from oppression(10) freedom from want(11), freedom to be ourselves. This we then sought. This we now believe that we are by way of winning.

　　What do we mean when we say that first of all we seek liberty? I often wonder whether we do not rest our hopes too much upon constitutions(12), upon laws and upon courts(13).These are false hopes; believe me, these are false hopes. Liberty lives in the hearts of men and women. When it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it. No constitution, no law, no court can even do much to help it. While it lives there, it needs no constitution, no law, no court to save it.

　　And what is this liberty which must live in the hearts of men and women? It is not the ruthless(14) the unbridled (15) will. It is not freedom to do as one likes. That is the denial of liberty, and leads straight to its overthrow(16). A society in which men recognize no check upon their freedom, soon be-comes a society where freedom is the possession of only a few; savages (17) as we have learned to our sorrow.

　　What then is the spirit of liberty?. I cannot define(18) it; I can only tell you my own faith. The spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too sure that it is right. The spirit of liberty is the spirit which seeks to understand the minds of other men and women. The spirit of liberty is the spirit which weighs(19) their interests alongside its own without bias(20). The spirit of liberty remembers that not even a spar-row(21) falls to earth unheeded. (22) The spirit of liberty is the spirit of Him, who, near 2,000 years ago, taught mankind that lesson it has never learned, but has never quite forgotten; that there may be a kingdom where the least shall be heard and considered side by side with the greatest.

　　And now in that spirit, that spirit of America which has never been, and which may never be; and, which never will be, except as the conscience and the courage of Americans create it; yet in the spirit of that America which lies hidden in some form in the aspirations(23) of us all; in the spirit of that America for which our young men are at this moment fighting and dying; in that spirit of liberty and of America I ask you to rise and with me to pledge(24) our faith in the glorious destiny(25) of our beloved country: "I pledge allegiance(26) to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands--one nation indivisible(27), with liberty and justice(28) for a11．

語匯說明

　　自由的精神—文為定義法的說明文。對—個概念下定義必須有正確的函義與清晰的語言，不可含混其詞，並且應具有知識性的客觀判斷，儘量減少感情上的主觀判斷。但是，本文則相反，正是感情上的主觀語調甚過知識性的客觀語調，並重復其感情上主觀概念的重要性。雖然如此，卻並不過份，其言詞可謂適當而具信服力。因此，本文是定義式說明文中獨具風格的範例。本文作者韓德法官(Justice Learned Hand，1872—1961)為美國巡迴法庭法官，對美國自由民主作過許多有份量的演說，其演講稿以此篇篇名為書名于1925年短集成冊，廣為發行。他的另一講稿〔民權法案〕 (Bill of Rights)印行于1958年。

(1)affirm：肯定　　　　　　　　　　
(2)faith：信念　　　　　　　　　　　
(3)common：共同的　　　　　　　　　
(4)conviction：覺悟　　　　　　　　
(5)devotion：信仰;熱心　　　　　　　
(6)adoption：公認；採納　　　　　　
(7)nerved：被激起；使緊張
(8)liberty：解放的自由
(9)freedom：天賦的自由
(10)oppression：壓迫
(11)want：缺乏：貧困
(12)constitution：憲法
(13)courts:法庭
(14)ruthless：無情的；殘忍的
(15)unbridled：放縱的：沒有拘束的　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
(16)overthrow：推翻　　　　　　　　
(17)savage：野蠻　　　　　　　　　　
(18)define：界定；下定義　　　　　　
(19)weigh：權衡輕重；看重　　　　　
(20)bias：偏見　　　　　　　　　　　
(21)sparrow：麻雀
(22)unheeded：無人理採
(23)aspirations：熱望；大志
(24)pledge：發誓；保證
(25)destiny：命運；天數
(26)allegiance：忠順；忠貞
(27)indivisible：不可分割的
(28)justice：正義









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2006-08-20 21:38 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 5#
[s:29] 說明文分類法
　　分類法也是幫助說明解釋的基本方法之一，它的功用在於把擁有某種相同特點的事物歸成同一類。

　　分類時必須注意是否有系統，是否完整。有系統的分類是指分類的基礎是否統一，是否有重復的現象。譬如寫一篇討論台灣水果種類的文章，作者必須先決定是以季節來分類，還是以價錢，以品種，以味道來分。所謂完整是指分類是否有遺漏。

<範文> Tea

　　Tea is the leaf of a small evergreen(l) tree which is planted in China and Japan and in some parts of India. The tea plant has smooth green leaves and white flowers.

　　At certain times of the year the young leaves(2) are picked. They are then made dry, rolled between the bands(3), and put in boxes.

　　Two sorts of tea are sent abroad--black and green. The different color is caused by the different ways of drying the leaf. For black tea(4) the leaves are put out in the open air for some time before they are cooked, and they are then made dry slowly over a fire. For green tea the leaves are made dry quickly, only a short time after they are picked off(5) the plant.

語匯說明

本文是對外銷的茶葉作—簡單的分類說明。
(1)evergreen：常青；常綠
(2)the young leaves：嫩葉
(3)rolled between the hands 用手搓揉
(4)black tea：紅茶
(5)Pick off：摘下來
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2006-08-20 21:39 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 6#
[s:32] 說明文分析法
　　分析法的意思是把一個整體分開成好幾個部分，然後指出每一部分與其他部分的關係，以及每一部分和整體的關係。說明文裏常用的分析方法有三個：過程分析(process analysis)，結構分析(structural analysis) ，以及因果分析(causal analysis) 。

　　最簡單也是最常見的[過程分析]就是[怎樣做這]、[如何做那]等一類的說明，包括問路和類似[颱風是怎樣形成的]等等。

　　過程分析最重要的一點是必須[清楚]。作者最好先把需要用的工具、材料說明，然後按部就班地把每一個步驟交代清楚，因而文章裏必然會常用到一些時間轉換語，如：next，after，since，then，later，subsequently, afterward, after a while等。

　　結構分析最大的目標仍然是[清楚]。作者必須選定一個固定的視點(point of view )，這個視點就決定了解說的順序，如：上到下，左到右，前到後等等。必須儘量保持統一，不要輕易更動。

　　因果分析的重點是放在〔為什麼〕上面，說明一件事情或一個現象發生的原因。

　　有時候一件事情的發生或一個現象的形成只有一個原因，在這種情況下，作者必須先安排解說的順序，或者是將原因分為〔遠因〕與〔近因〕兩類，或者是從簡單、容易明瞭的原因說起，再談到比較複雜與微妙的原因細節。

<範文> What Is the Age of a Tree?

　　If you cut a log in half(1), you will see many rings in the wood. During the winter the growth of a tree is lessened; during the summer the growth of a tree is quickened(2). The change in the speed of (3) growth shows in the wood of the tree; so each ring means one winter and summer. Count the rings and you know the age of the tree.

語匯說明

　　本文是一段簡明的因果分析，說明樹的年輪是怎樣形成的，使我們一看年輪的環數便知樹的年齡。
(1)to cut in half=to cut into two equal parts：切成兩半
(2)quicken：加快
(3)in the speed of……的速度
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2006-08-20 21:40 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 7#
[s:34] 說明文類比法
　　〔類比法〕是一種特殊的比較法，等於是舉例和比較的綜合。它的目的是用一個具體而且容易了解的事物，以比較的方式，來說明一個抽象難懂的觀念。〔類比〕僅指出兩件事物的相同點，其對象不屬於同一種類，而且必然是其中一個是主要的，另外一個是次要的，因為它是用來說明前者的。

<範文> Of Falsehood(1)

　　Sometimes you will hear someone say, "Fine feathers do not make fine birds." This expression(2) comes from the fable(3) of the ugly bird who, coming upon(4) some peacock feathers lying on the ground, put them all together and then tied them of his own tail in order to make himself more beautiful. Then he tried to associcate with(5) the other pea-cocks, but the peacocks soon discovered the trick, attacked him, and killed him.

語匯說明

本文是以類比法來說明虛妄的荒謬與可悲。
(1)falsehood：虛妄；虛假；虛偽；虛飾
(2)expression：解說；語句；表達
(3)fable：寓言；寓言故事
(4)come upon：偶然碰到；偶爾發現
(5)associate with：與…相聯；與…為伍：聯想

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2006-08-20 21:43 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 8#
[s:52]
說明文例說法
　　舉例說明任何事物是最常用，也是最有效的方法之一。它的功用在於把抽象、難懂的觀念用具體、容易了解的方式表達出來，讓讀者一看就明白作者的意思。除此之外，好的舉例還可以使文章更生動、更有力。

　　舉例的範圍包括很廣，彈性也很大。除了一般常用的簡單實例以外，一個類此(analogy)，一個短故事或軼事(anecdote) ，甚至於寓言(parable)都可以用來幫助說明。

　　舉例時最重要的一點是：注意例子是否恰當，是否和它所要說明的道理相吻合，讀者是否能立刻看出它和道理之間的關係。

<範文> Union Is Strength.(1)

　　The best illustration of this saying is the familiar fable of Esop (2). An old man, being distressed by the constant(3) quarrelling going on between his sons. One day he called them to him and showed them a bundle of sticks tied together, and asked if any of them was strong enough to break them. First one, and then another tried; but, although they were all strong young men, they all failed, He then untied the bundle, and told them to break each stick separately. This they did easily, and all the sticks were soon broken in pieces. Thus he taught them that united they would be strong, but disunited they would always be weak.

　　The same lesson can be learned from the organization of an army, or a football team. The strength of a regiment consists in all the soldiers acting together as one man. This is the secret of the constant drilling on the parade ground, and army discipline. If a thousand men go into battle who have never learnt to act together each man fighting as and when he likes, they will be defeated with ease by a disciplined and united company of only a hundred strong. One of Napoleon's favorite maxims was, "Divide and conquer". If he could divide the enemy's army up, and take one part at a time, he could conquer it piecemeal; or he could subdue a whole nation by fomenting discord among its different classes, and breaking it up into warring factions. In the same way, the success of a football team in a match depends very much on their "team work(4)"; that is, the way the members work together and cooperate with each other. A team composed of comparatively weak individual players, but well organized and playing heartily together, has often defeated an ill-organized team composed of much better players.

　　In all departments of life, union, or cooperation, is strength; disunion is weakness. A united nation, a united community, a united family, a united society of any sort, is strong; but disunited, quarrelling, split up(s) into factions, they are all weak. United they stand; disunited they fall. Their motto must be, "One heart, one way".


語匯說明

　　本文分三部分加以說明：(A)以伊索寓言中的故事做例說：(B)說明團隊精神在於團結：(C)團結適用於各種生存環境。
(1)union：團結、一致、—體、聯合；strength：力量。
(2)Esop's Fable或The Fable Of Esop：伊索寓言
(3)constant：恒長的：長期的
(4)team work：此處捐團隊精神而言。
(5)split up：分裂










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2006-08-20 21:44 | 只看樓主 樹型| 收藏| 小 中 大 9#
[s:50] 敘述文Narration
　　敘述文分兩種：一種是事實敘述(Factual narration)，一種是想像敘述(Imaginative narration)。事實敘述寫的是真實的事情，包括歷史、傳記、自傳等。想像敘述寫的是虛構的故事，包括短篇小說、長篇小說等。

　　敘述文應注意事件結構與敘事觀點以及時間的順序和對話的語言結構等問題。

　　故事的結構必須嚴緊；事件與事件之間需要有密切的因果關係。一般說來，故事的結構有三個步驟；也就是亞裏士多德(Aristotle)所說的beginning，middle，and end。故事必須有個開始，然後有一項衝突(conflict)，這個衝突到了頂點，也就是故事的高潮(climax)，然後結束。當然，講故事的方法很多，這只是個基本概念。

　　敘事的觀點可用第一人稱或第三人稱叫第三人稱又分主觀第三人稱和客觀第三人稱。第一人稱是[我] (I)或[我們] (We)，以這個人稱來講故事的好處是使故事聽來非常親切，因此也比較容易讓人相信。它的缺點是太過狹窄，因為只有故事裏面這個『我』所聽到、看到、想到的事情讀者才能知道，限制要比第三人稱所持的觀點大得多。第三人稱是用『他』 (He)或[她] (She)或『他們』(They)．這個觀點的好處是運用起來比較靈活。

　　時間順序是指故事裏面事件發生的順序。一般敘述都是採用事情發生的先後順序，按部就班地，先發生的先講，後發生後講。這種順序英文裏稱作頓時序 (chronological order)，也有時候作者會採用另外一種方法，把後發生的事先講，然後再同去交代前面發生過的事情。這種倒敘的方法英文裏稱作『急轉回溯』(flashback)。

　　敘述通常採用的是簡單過去式(simple past tense) ，但也有少數在特殊情形下用現在式(historical present tense)。

　　講故事常有對話，對話應注意下列五點：
　　(a)每一句對話，不論多短，都自成一段。
　　(b)對話本身必須用引號"……"(中文用[…])。
　　(c)英文對話本身第一個字的頭一個字母必須大寫。
　　(d)與對話本身有關的標點符號都應該放在引號裏面。
　　(e)對話本身假如分好幾段，引號應該用在每一段的開始，以及最後結尾時：
　　"．．．．．．．，．
　　"．．．．．．．．"
　　中文：[………
　　[…………
　　[…………]
　　(f)引號中如有引用話語時，應用雙引號來區別。

<範文> This Was My Mother(1)

　　My mother, Jane Lampton Clemens, died in her 88th year,　a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid, destined to pass soon away. But the invalid who, forgetful of self, takes a strenous and indestructible interest in(2) everything and everybody, as she did, and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing, is a formidable adversary for disease.

　　She had a heart so large that everybody's griefs and joys found welcome in it. One of her neighbor never got over the way she received the news of a local accident. When she had told how a man had been thrown from his horse and killed because a calf had run in his way(3), my mother asked with genuine interest, "What became of(4) the calf?" She was not indifferent to the man's death, she was interested in the calf, too.

　　She could find something to excuse and as a rule to love in the toughest of human beings or animals--even if she had to invent it. Once we beguiled her into saying a soft word for the devil himself. We started abusing her, one conspirator after another adding her bitter word, until she walked right into the trap. She admitted that the indictment was sound, but had he been treated fairly? luck, and that was enough. She generally had a cat in her lap when she sat down, but she denied indignantly that she liked cats better than children; though there was one advantage to a cat, she'd say. You could always put it down when you were tired of holding it.

　　I was as much of a nuisance as any small boy and a neighbor asked her once, "Do you ever believe anything that boy says?"

　　"He is the wellspring of truther". My mother replied, "but you can't bring up the whole well with one bucket. I know his average, so he never deceives me. I discount him 90 percent for embroidery and what is left is perfect and priceless truth, without a flaw."

　　She had a horror of snakes and bats, which I hid in pockets and sewing baskets; otherwise she was entirely fearless. One day I saw a vicious devil of a Corsican, a common terror in the town(5), chasing his grown daughter with a heavy rope in his hand, threatening to wear it out on her. Cautious male citizens let him pass but my mother spread her door wide to the refugee, and then, instead of closing and locking it after her, stood in it, barring the way. The man swore, cursed, threatened her with his rope; but she only stood, straight and fine, and lashed him, shamed him, derided, and defied him until he asked her pardon, gave her his rope and said with a blasphemous oath that she was the bravest woman he ever saw. He found in her a longfelt want--somebody who was not afraid of him.

　　She was 82 and living in Keokuk(6) when, unaccountably, she insisted upon attending a convention of old settlers of the Mississippi Valley. All the way there, and it was some distance, she was young again with excitement and eagerness. At the hotel she asked immediately for Dr. Barrett of St. Louis. He had left for home that morning and would not be back, she was told. She turned away, the fire all gone from her, and asked to go home. Once there she sat silent and thinking for many days, then told us that when she was 18 she had loved a young medical student with all her heart. There was a misunderstanding and he left the country; she had immediately married, to show him that she did not care. She had never seen him since and then she had read in a newspaper that he was going to attend the old settlers' convention. "Only three hours before we reached that hotel he had been there." she mourned.


　　She had kept that pathetic burden in her heart 64 years without any of us suspecting it. Before the year was out, her memory began to fail. She would write letters to schoolmates who had been dead for 40 years, and wonder why they never answered. Four years later she died.

語匯說明

(1) 本文作者馬克吐溫(Mark Twain，本名Samuel Langhorne Clemens)生於1835年，卒于1910年，為美國著名的幽默作家。這篇敘述他母親的文章仍是以幽默的筆觸來表達，非常生動感人。
(2) take interest in：關心
(3) in his way：礙著他的路；擋路
(4) become of=happen to：降臨在……身上(通常用於what起首的疑問句中。)
(5) a common terror：意為眾所共怕的人或物。 a common terror in the town是a Coriscan的同位語。
Keokuk：在密西西此河上，位於Iowa州東南部。
也許我不是上帝的幸運兒，但我一定是生活的寵兒 天堂寵兒 http://www.blogcn.com/u/34/84/foranewindbell/index.html

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